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1.
Gastroenterol. latinoam ; 30(supl.1): S44-S48, 2019. tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1116441

ABSTRACT

The prevalence of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) seems to increase in the elderly population, being more severe and associating more complications than younger subjects. A high frequency of atypical symptoms (chest pain, dysphagia, vomiting, and respiratory symptoms) and less frequently heartburn and / or regurgitation that are of mild intensity are described, due to the decrease of the visceral sensitivity of the esophagus with age, which delays the diagnosis. Factors associated with aging predispose to the development of GERD in the geriatric population: the reduction of salivary flow and bicarbonate secretion, alterations in esophageal motility and the greater frequency of hiatal hernias are some of them. Given the high frequency of complications of reflux (erosive esophagitis, Barrett's esophagus, stenosis and ulcers, and esophageal cancer), elderly patients benefit from an early endoscopic study. Its management must be aggressive and start with changes in lifestyle and dietary modifications. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) continue to be the first line of pharmacological treatment as well as in the youngest population. Surgical treatment is reserved in selected patients considering risks/benefits.


La prevalencia de la enfermedad por reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE) parece aumentar en la población adulto mayor, siendo más severa y asociando más complicaciones que en los sujetos más jóvenes. Clínicamente se caracteriza una alta frecuencia de síntomas atípicos (dolor torácico, disfagia, vómitos, síntomas respiratorios) y menos frecuentemente por pirosis y/o regurgitación que son de leve intensidad, debido a la disminución de la sensibilidad visceral del esófago con la edad, lo que hace retardar el diagnóstico. Factores asociados al envejecimiento predisponen al desarrollo de ERGE en la población geriátrica: la disminución de la secreción salival y de bicarbonato, las alteraciones de la motilidad esofágica y la mayor frecuencia de hernias hiatales, son algunos de ellos. Dada la alta frecuencia de complicaciones del reflujo (esofagitis erosiva, esófago de Barrett, estenosis y úlceras y cáncer de esófago), los pacientes adultos mayores se benefician de un estudio endoscópico precoz. Su manejo debe ser agresivo e iniciar con cambios de estilo de vida y modificaciones dietarias. Los inhibidores de bomba de protones (IBP) siguen siendo la primera línea de tratamiento farmacológico al igual que en la población más joven. El tratamiento quirúrgico queda reservado en pacientes seleccionados considerando riesgos/beneficios.


Subject(s)
Humans , Aging , Gastroesophageal Reflux/diagnosis , Gastroesophageal Reflux/therapy , Gastroesophageal Reflux/physiopathology , Risk Factors , Age Factors
2.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Univ. Chile ; 29(2): 136-143, 2018.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-986675

ABSTRACT

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is currently considered in Chile and worldwide, as the main cause of cirrhosis and liver transplantation. It is therefore one of the main public health objectives for reducing its prevalence. In last years, it was suggested that the intestinal microbiota (IM) might contribute to the pathophysiology of NAFLD, as well as in the progression toward nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. It is known that changes in the composition of IM are associated with alterations in intestinal permeability and the production of inflammatory metabolites. These alterations are part of the pathophysiological mechanisms leading to the development of NASH. However studies on MI in patients with NAFLD and NASH in Chile are scarce. Through a research grant, recently awarded at the Hospital Clínico Universidad de Chile, we aim to confirm and characterize the intestinal dysbiosis associated with NAFLD in Chilean patients and to establish the relationship between the changes in microbial composition with the progression of liver damage. The description of these alterations represents an opportunity to explore new therapeutic approaches for future interventions. In effect, through the restoration of an intestinal microbial environment towards homeostasis in these patients, we expect to reverse or improve the progression of damage provoked by this disease. (AU)


Subject(s)
Dysbiosis/physiopathology , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/microbiology , Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease/pathology
3.
Gastroenterol. latinoam ; 29(2): 75-78, 2018. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1117022

ABSTRACT

Capsule endoscopy is a technique that allows the study of the small intestine, through a device that is swallowed by the patient, capturing images as it travels through the digestive tract. Capsule retention is the most serious complication. We report the case of a 69 year-old male presenting with iron deficiency anemia, with normal upper endoscopy and colonoscopy; but obscure gastrointestinal bleeding was diagnosed and therefore a study with capsule endoscopy was requested. The patient evolves with retained capsule in the small intestine with ulcerated stenosis as shown by imaging. This finding was confirmed by enteroscopy with biopsy, without being able to extract the capsule. Medical management with corticosteroids was indicated for intestinal obstruction secondary to inflammatory stenosis in the context of Crohn's disease: The capsule was expelled after 21 days of ingestion, with a positive outcome


La cápsula endoscópica es una técnica que permite el estudio del intestino delgado, mediante un dispositivo que es deglutido por el paciente y captura imágenes en su recorrido por el tubo digestivo. La complicación más grave es la retención de la cápsula. Se reporta el caso de un paciente de sexo masculino, de 69 años con anemia ferropénica, con endoscopia alta y colonoscopia normal; planteándose sangrado gastrointestinal de origen oscuro por lo que se solicita estudio con cápsula endoscópica. El paciente evoluciona con retención de la cápsula en intestino delgado, visualizándose en las imágenes la presencia de estenosis ulcerada, hallazgo que se confirma mediante enteroscopia con toma de biopsias, sin lograr extraer la cápsula. Se indica manejo médico con corticoides por obstrucción intestinal secundario a estenosis inflamatoria en contexto de enfermedad de Crohn, expulsando espontáneamente la cápsula al día 21 de su ingestión, sin complicaciones.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Aged , Crohn Disease/diagnosis , Capsule Endoscopes/adverse effects , Foreign Bodies/etiology , Foreign Bodies/diagnostic imaging , Radiography, Abdominal , Tomography, X-Ray Computed , Capsule Endoscopy/adverse effects
4.
Gastroenterol. latinoam ; 28(supl.1): S35-S39, 2017. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-1120701

ABSTRACT

Although abdominal bloating and distension are frequent symptoms, they are considered a challenge in medical practice. Treatment alternatives with varying efficacy levels, associated to the lack of knowledge about this problem, generate difficulties in the doctor­patient relation, and patient's frustration and anxiety. Advances in understanding their etiopathogenetic factors have lead treatment of these patients towards a personalized approach. The purpose of the article is to provide a brief description about abdominal bloating and distension, and ultimately give a practical approach of this condition.


A pesar de que la hinchazón (bloating) y la distensión abdominal son síntomas altamente frecuentes, son considerados un desafío en el quehacer médico. Alternativas terapéuticas con grados de eficacia variables, asociado a un desconocimiento en el enfrentamiento clínico, generan dificultades en la atención de estos pacientes por parte de los médicos, además de frustración para el paciente. Avances en la comprensión de su etiopatogenia han permitido dirigir el tratamiento de estos pacientes de manera personalizada. Este artículo tiene como objetivo realizar una breve descripción del cuadro, y dar finalmente un enfoque práctico frente a esta condición.


Subject(s)
Humans , Gastric Dilatation/diet therapy , Gastric Dilatation/etiology , Gastric Dilatation/drug therapy , Dilatation, Pathologic , Gastric Dilatation/epidemiology , Gastrointestinal Agents/therapeutic use , Flatulence/physiopathology , Abdomen/physiopathology
5.
Rev. Hosp. Clin. Univ. Chile ; 27(3): 240-244, 2016.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: biblio-908191

ABSTRACT

Inflammatory bowel disease includes Crohn´s disease, ulcerative colitis and unclassified colitis. Conventional therapies used for treating these diseases are often insufficient orcontraindicated and biological agents have proved to be effective and safe in these cases. Infliximab is a quimeric IgG1 monoclonal anti-tumor necrosis factor antibody that is capableof inducing and mantaining clinical remission in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Despite its proven efficacy a considerable group of patients lose response requiring changesin therapy. Serum Infliximab trough levels are correlated with clinical response, endoscopic remission and mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Monitoring and adjusting therapy guided by drug serum levels have proved to be more cost-effective and safer than empiric adjustments. Current international guidelines recommend the measurement of Infliximab trough levels in the global evaluation and management of these patients to improve treatment, avoid adverse events and unnecessary costs.


Subject(s)
Male , Female , Humans , Inflammatory Bowel Diseases/drug therapy , Infliximab/pharmacokinetics , Infliximab/therapeutic use
6.
Gastroenterol. latinoam ; 25(4): 257-263, 2014. ilus, tab, graf
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-766592

ABSTRACT

Chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction (CIP) is the most severe intestinal motility disorder. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is frequently associated to dysmotility. In spite of this association, there is scare data on the relation between CIP and SIBO. To establish occurrence of CIP in SIBO patients in inter-crisis periods. To compare clinical and manometric characteristics of SIBO and non-SIBO patients. Retrospective analysis of 40 CIP patients (average age: 41 years; range: 18-76 years; 75 percent women). The following elements were registered: symptoms (such as pain, distention, vomit, constipation, diarrhea and weight loss); findings of the intestinal manometry (neuropathic, miopatic and mix pattern; intestinal motility index); and SIBO using lactulose H2 breath test, defined as an increase > 20 ppm in 2 or more figures in the first 60 minutes. Statistical analysis: t-test y and comparison of two ratios. SIBO was observed in 60 percent of the patients with CIP. Three or more symptoms were observed in 70.8 percent of the patients with SIBO 50 percentwithout SIBO (p = NS). In patients with SIBO, the most frequent symptom was abdominal pain (70.8 percent p= 0.032). There were no differences between SIBO patients and the different motility patterns, however, the intestinal motility index was lower for the SIBO group (9.7 +/- 44 12.3 +/-7; p < 0.001). : There is a high prevalence of SIBO in CIP patients. This is associated to a major compromise of intestinal motility assessed by the intestinal motility index...


Introducción: La pseudoobstrucción intestinal crónica (POIC) es el trastorno más grave de la motilidad intestinal. El sobrecrecimiento bacteriano intestinal (SBI) se asocia frecuentemente a estados de dismotilidad. A pesar de esta asociación existen escasos datos sobre la relación entre POIC y SBI. Objetivo: Determinar SBI en pacientes con POIC en período inter-crisis. Comparar características clínicas y manométricas de pacientes con y sin SBI. Material y Método: Análisis retrospectivo de 40 pacientes con POIC (edad promedio: 41 años, rango: 18-76 años; 75 por ciento mujeres). Se registraron síntomas (dolor, distensión, vómitos, constipación, diarrea, baja de peso), hallazgos en manometría intestinal (patrón neuropático, miopático o mixto, índice de motilidad intestinal (IMI)) y SBI con test de H2 con lactulosa, definido como la elevación > 20 ppm en 2 o más cifras en los primeros 60 min. Análisis estadístico: t-test y comparación de 2 proporciones. Resultados: Se observó SBI en 60 por ciento de los pacientes con POIC. Tres o más síntomas se presentaron en 70,8 por ciento de los pacientes con SBI vs 50 por ciento en POIC sin SBI (p = NS). El síntoma dolor abdominal fue más frecuente en pacientes con SBI (70,8 por ciento vs 31,2 por ciento, p = 0,032). No hubo diferencias entre pacientes con SBI y los distintos patrones de motilidad, sin embargo, el IMI fue menor para el grupo con SBI (9,7 +/- 1,44 vs 12,3 +/- 1,7, p < 0,001). Conclusiones: Existe una alta prevalencia de SBI en pacientes con POIC. Esto se relaciona con mayor compromiso de la motilidad intestinal evaluado por el IMI.


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Young Adult , Middle Aged , Bacteria/growth & development , Intestine, Small/microbiology , Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction/epidemiology , Chronic Disease , Gastrointestinal Motility , Hydrogen/analysis , Lactulose , Manometry , Breath Tests/methods , Retrospective Studies , Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction/diagnosis , Intestinal Pseudo-Obstruction/microbiology
7.
Rev. chil. infectol ; 24(6): 462-471, dic. 2007. graf, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-470679

ABSTRACT

Introducción. En Chile, se desarrolla una vigilancia activa de portación intestinal de Enterococcus resistente a vancomicina (ERV) desde el año 2000. Sin embargo, no hay publicaciones sobre casos clínicos. Objetivo: Describir casos de infección por ERV en un hospital de nivel terciario. Pacientes y Método: Se obtuvieron de los registros del laboratorio las muestras clínicas o intestinales positivas para ERV (2001 al 2006) y se analizaron en los pacientes afectados los factores de riesgo potenciales, manifestaciones clínicas, tratamiento y evolución. Resultados: Se identificaron 23 casos (tasa de incidencia año 2005 de 0,07 y año 2006 de 0,09/1.000 días camas ocupadas). El promedio de edad fue 62,0 ± 17 años. Antecedentes: cáncer (39,l por cientoo), procedimientos quirúrgicos recientes (54,1 por ciento), hemodiálisis (26,1 por ciento), corticoterapia (26,1 por ciento). El 87 por cientoo había recibido dos o más antimicrobianos, casi un tercio fue transferido desde otros hospitales y 22 por ciento había reingresado antes de 30 días. Los pacientes habían estado principalmente en UCI (60,9 por ciento), el resto en salas nefrológicas u onco-hematológicas. Los cuadros clínicos incluyeron bacteriemias (30,4 por ciento), infecciones del sitio quirúrgico o abscesos (26,1 por ciento), infecciones urinarias (26,1 por ciento) u otros. Tres pacientes fueron asintomáticos (13 por ciento). Los aislados fueron identificados como E. faecium en 82,6 por cientoo del total, el resto como Enterococcus sp. El 66,7 por cientoo de las cepas mostró susceptibilidad intermedia a vancomicina. En 14 cepas con estudio completo para vancomicina y teicoplanina, predominó el fenotipo VanB (85,7 por ciento), seguido de los fenotipos VanA (7,1 por ciento) y VanB/VanD (7,1 por ciento). Quince pacientes fueron tratados en forma médica o médico-quirúrgica, hubo respuesta favorable en 80 por cientoo de ellos. Ocho pacientes no recibieron tratamiento (34,8 por ciento), en dos...


An active surveillance of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) intestinal colonization in selected group of patients has been developed in Chile since year 2000. Nevertheless, no reports of clinical cases have been published. Aim. To describe main clinical and microbiological features of patients infected by VRE in a tertiary-level teaching Hospital. Patients and methods. Intestinal and clinical samples positive to VRE were provided by laboratory, and a retrospective analysis of potential risk factors, clinical features, treatment and outcomes was performed. Study encompassed years 2001 to 2006. Main results. 23 cases of infections were identified, all cases occurring during 2005 and 2006. Incidence rate was 0.07 and 0.09 cases per 1000 occupied bed-days, respectively. The mean age was 62.0 ± 17 years. A significant proportion of patients had cancer (39.1 percent), recent surgical procedures (54.1 percent), were on dialysis (26.1 percent), or were using steroids (26.1 percent). Most patients had received 2 or more antimicrobial (87 percent), almost a third represented transfers from other hospitals and an additional 22 percent readmissions before 30 days of latest discharge. Patients were mainly hospitalized in the ICU (60.9 percent) but nearly 30 percent were associated exclusively to nephrological or onco-hematological wards. Clinical manifestations included bacteremia (30.4 percent), surgical site infections or abscesses (26.1 percent), urinary tract infections (26.1 percent) and others. . Three patients (13 percent) did not have symptoms. After identification was possible, all isolates were identified as E. faecium (82.6 percent of total), the rest as Enterococcus sp. Most strains showed intermediate susceptibility to vancomycin (66.7 percent). For 14 strains studied both with vancomycin and teicoplanin, , phenotype Van B was predominant (85.7 percent), followed by VanA (7.1 percent) and VanB/VanD type (7.1 percent). No molecular...


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Humans , Middle Aged , Enterococcus/drug effects , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/microbiology , Vancomycin Resistance , Chile/epidemiology , Enterococcus/genetics , Enterococcus/isolation & purification , Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections/epidemiology , Hospitals, Teaching/statistics & numerical data , Incidence , Risk Factors , Vancomycin Resistance/genetics
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